Improving Intonation
Strategies for Instrumentalists
Intonation is a critical element of musical performance, influencing both individual and ensemble sound quality. Powell (1991) categorizes poor intonation into two main types:
Horizontal Intonation – Individual, melodic intonation problems.
Vertical Intonation – Ensemble, harmonic intonation issues.
This post explores strategies to improve both types of intonation for vocalists and instrumentalists.
Horizontal Intonation (Melodic Line)
Horizontal intonation applies to both solo and ensemble singing. Singers must accurately perceive intervallic distances and develop muscle memory to produce correct pitches. Key challenges include:
Interval Perception: Singers should think of their part as a melody and accurately read intervals.
Muscle Memory: Pitches must be learned correctly the first time to prevent ingraining errors.
Leaps: Large intervals can be difficult if singers "guess" instead of using learned muscle memory.
Exercises to Improve Horizontal Intonation
Sliding Exercises – Slide between notes to feel the distance, then gradually eliminate the slide.
Descending Interval Awareness – Singers should imagine descending intervals as smaller and maintain support while descending.
Pivot Note Exercise – Sing a reference pitch, then move a half step up and return, then a half step down and return. Expand the intervals progressively.
Scale Practice – Practice major and minor scales using various vowels to reinforce interval tuning.
Common causes of individual intonation problems:
Tension in the neck, larynx, or tongue.
Inconsistent breath support (too much or too little).
Incorrect resonance space or vocal register usage.
Vertical Intonation (Ensemble Tuning)
Powell (1991) notes that professional musicians constantly listen and adjust to their surroundings. One way to improve ensemble tuning is by tuning fundamental harmonic relationships.
Steps for Ensemble Tuning
Tune Octaves First – Establishing octaves before tuning other intervals improves harmonic structure.
Focus on Fifths – Tune perfect fifths before adding thirds and other harmonic elements.
Isolate Problematic Intervals – Identify and adjust out-of-tune chords.
Slow Chord Tuning – Have each section enter one at a time before playing together.
Adjust Vowels – Modify vowel placement for better vocal tuning.
Other Factors Affecting Intonation
Dynamic Level – Too much air pressure can force a note to go sharp.
Tessitura – Passaggi (transition areas) can cause instability.
Energy Levels – Fatigue and adrenaline affect tuning.
Conducting Pattern – Brunkan (2013) found that a low, circular conducting pattern improves intonation.
Improving Intonation in Band & Orchestra Performance
Garofalo identifies key factors contributing to poor instrumental intonation:
1. Instrument Condition
Poor quality, worn, or damaged instruments.
Not adjusting tuning slides.
Dents affecting resonance.
2. Basic Playing Technique
Embouchure and breath support issues.
Tone quality and intonation are closely linked.
3. Improper Tuning Practices
Incorrect tuning slide placement.
Failure to warm up before tuning.
4. Psychological Perception of Pitch
Low & Loud = Flat
High & Loud = Sharp
The brain tolerates sharpness more than flatness.
5. Pitch Tendencies of Instruments
Brass tends to go sharp in crescendos.
Mutes alter pitch tendencies.
6. Poor Ear Training
Musicians should be able to sing in tune to adjust the pitch.
Interval recognition is essential.
7. Ensemble Balance Issues
Lower voices should be louder than higher voices.
Good balance results in better overall tuning.
8. Poor Seating Arrangements
Players must hear the correct reference points.
Skill levels should be distributed evenly across sections.
The Tuning Process for Instrumentalists
Warm-Up Properly – Play with a steady tone before tuning.
Tune at a Healthy Dynamic – A strong mezzo-forte (mf) is best.
Use a Tuner Wisely – Identify tendencies but avoid relying too much on visual feedback.
Adjust Bad Notes – Modify embouchure, air pressure, or use alternate fingerings.
Just Intonation Adjustments
Perfect 5th = +2 cents
Perfect 4th = -2 cents
Major 3rd = -14 cents
Minor 3rd = +16 cents
These numbers reflect the harmonic series and should guide tuning adjustments.
Developing Relative Pitch & Ear Training
Sing intervals & recognize them by ear.
Memorize a reference pitch.
Use choral singing to reinforce intonation.
Practice tuning exercises with a drone.
Group Exercises to Strengthen Intonation
Canon Exercises – Train independence and tuning awareness.
Singing Parts Before Playing – Helps instrumentalists internalize tuning.
Experiment with Seating & Balance – Adjust sections for optimal hearing.
Refine Warm-Ups & Tuning Procedures – Develop a consistent process for your ensemble.
